A burn injuries

A consume wounds Understanding Exercise Consume wounds are frequently caused when the skin comes in direct contact with a stripped fire or a hot surface. Burning can happen when there is contact with a hot fluid. There are a few different kinds of consumes, for example, compound, brought about by solid acids or bases, and radiation, the most normally realized model being burn from the sun from UV light. Consumes are arranged by degree, where seriousness increments with a higher degree. A fresher arrangement framework isolates consumes into three classifications: shallow, incomplete thickness and full thickness consumes. The patient in the situation has a full thickness severely charred area. This typically brings about loss of the external skin layer (epidermis) causing the patients skin to be numb and feel hard and rough to the touch. This level of consume requires quick clinical consideration as they don't mend all alone. Proteins at the site of injury denature and cells in the end kick the bucket, set apart by the arrangement of dark eschar at the focal point of the injury. When the skin boundary has been broken, the homeostatic elements of the skin are lost. There is quick loss of body liquid and blood plasma which can once in a while cause obvious growing. As the skin is the bodys first line of resistance, consume wound contaminations connect with the size of the consume injury. The epidermis continually sheds off and takes unsafe microorganisms with it. Moreover, the acidic idea of the skin forestalls the section of microorganisms that by and large lean toward unbiased conditions. Consumes are likewise connected with a discouraged resistant reaction. Given this data, it is nothing unexpected that disease is the chief reason for death in consume casualties. As it is a severe singeing, the patient will have invested some energy in clinic where there is a more serious danger of disease. Patient to persistent contact by means of emergency clinic hardware and staff permits fast transmission of pathogenic microbes. The consume wound is a positive site for sharp colonization by pathogens on the grounds that the eschar gives a clammy, protein rich condition which supports bacterial development. The abundance of necrotic tissue gives a rich de velopment medium to the microorganism. In the clinical introduction, the patient griped of fever, chills and an unsavory smelling release from the consume wound. These are on the whole indications of contamination so the specialist was right to recommend the patient an anti-toxin. In any case, based on the variety of microbiology information gathered in the research facility, the specialists decision of anti-infection was wrong. A fourteen day course of flucloxacillin 500mg was endorsed to the patient to be taken orally multiple times day by day. Flucloxacillin is an anti-microbial having a place with the penicillin gathering. It is utilized to treat contaminations brought about by gram-positive microscopic organisms, most normally Staphylococcus aureus. In the research facility, the minuscule slide was inspected under a magnifying instrument utilizing the oil submersion focal point. Pole molded microorganisms were watched and they were recolored a pink/red shading. This shows the microbes present in the discharge tests i s gram negative. In this manner, flucloxacillin would have no helpful impact to the patient as it is just bactericidal against gram-positive cells. The three agar plates were analyzed and perceptions on the shading, shape, size and smell of the settlements was noted. There was no obvious development on the Mannitol salt agar (MSA) plate. This kind of particular agar is utilized to seclude Staphylococcus aureus as it restrains most other microorganisms because of its high sodium chloride focus (7.5 %w/v). The nonattendance of development on the MSA plate gives additional proof that there is no Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the patient. The states on the cetrimide agar were a pale, shady earthy colored shading and radiated the smell of spoiling natural product. The utilization of cetrimide agar as a specific and differential agar takes into account the separation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative microorganism. Cetrimide is an alkali compound which restrains most microbes, including some Pseudomonas species (yet not P. aeruginosa). It additionally upgrades creation of the color pyocyanin which brings about splendid green settlements. Be that as it may, a few strains of P. aeruginosa don't create the color. The development on this plate affirmed the pathogen present in the patient is Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the lackluster states show it is a non-shade delivering strain. There was likewise development on the MacConkey agar where the settlements were to some degree dull however had an orange hint. MacConkey agar is a particular differential medium used to distinguish gram-negative microscopic organisms and decide if they are lactose fermenters. Fermenters show up as splendid red states while non-fermenters are generally lackluster. As there was development on this plate, the microorganism is certainly gram-negative yet not a fermenter because of the nonappearance of red settlements. P. aeruginosa doesn't mature lactose which clarifies the shade of the states. An oxidase test was done which gave a positive outcome, showed by a dark blue shading toward the finish of the test stick. An oxidase positive organism has the protein required in the last phase of breath to shape metabolic water. Just vigorous or facultatively anaerobic microorganisms give a positive outcome. This biochemical test presents additional proof that P. aeruginosa is the disease causing microscopic organisms since it is a commit aerobe and along these lines have the cytochrome oxidase protein. Stock jugs containing development medium, a bacterial culture and an anti-microbial at five distinct focuses (all in  µg/ml) were watched. Shady stock weakenings demonstrated the microorganisms was safe and had the option to develop. Clear stock weakenings demonstrated the microscopic organisms was delicate to the anti-toxin and its development was hindered. The microscopic organisms was impervious to erythromycin at all fixations utilized (1.25-20â µg/ml). Erythromycin is a macrolide anti-infection identified with penicillin. The outcomes demonstrate it would have no helpful impact whenever endorsed to the patient. Amoxicillin demonstrated antimicrobial movement against the microorganism at convergences of 20â µg/ml and 40â µg/ml. In any case, at fixations above 12â µg/ml, the bacterium is viewed as impervious to amoxicillin so it has no helpful impact to the patient. Penicillins don't appear to have critical antimicrobial impacts for this pathogen which shows the specialist w as erroneous in his solution of flucloxacillin as it is too an individual from the penicillin gathering. The portion of 500mg will far-fetched be sufficiently high to be useful and any remedial dosages would be at too high a fixation and consequently unfeasible. Cefuroxime, a second era cephalosporin, was compelling at centralizations of 16â µg/ml and 32â µg/ml. Once more, this was over the middle focus go so doesn't profit the patient. A more up to date age cephalosporin may should be utilized as they give inclusion against a more extensive range of microorganisms. The stock weakening containing ticarcillin was clear at groupings of 8â µg/ml and 16â µg/ml. The middle focus run for this medication is 10-20â µg/ml so the base inhibitory fixation is 8â µg/ml. This medication is a carboxypenicillin a sub gathering of the penicillin family. The microscopic organisms demonstrated moderate affectability to the medication however just at genuinely high focuses. Amikacin was additionally viable beneath its middle range (6-10â µg/ml) and hindered bacterial development at centralizations of 4â µg/ml, 6â µg/ml and 8â µg/ml. Amikacin is an aminoglycoside and is a reasonable anti-infection to use against this pathogen as it demonstrated high af fectability to the medication. The specialists decision of antimicrobial treatment won't be gainful to the patient as flucloxacillin is compelling against gram-positive microorganisms just and the patient is contaminated with gram-negative P. aeruginosa. Pointless utilization of this anti-microbial could cause bacterial obstruction. P. aeruginosa is normally impervious to a wide scope of anti-infection agents and in this way diseases where it is the causative operator can be hard to treat. Expansive range specialists are required as they are the main medications which give inclusion against the microscopic organisms. The patient could be treated with an aminoglycoside, for example, amikacin. Gentamicin could likewise be utilized however the trial information shows the pathogen is unquestionably delicate to amikacin and contemplates have discovered that P. aeruginosa is bound to create protection from gentamicin than amikacin. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal and act by meddling with the bacterial ribosome, prompti ng wrong perusing of errand person RNA. This would be utilized alongside a third era cephalosporin, for example, ceftazidime. Carboxypenicillins could likewise be utilized (for example ticarcillin) yet they have just moderate action against Pseudomonas species and research has demonstrated that microscopic organisms rapidly create protection from them. Third era cephalosporins give inclusion against P. aeruginosa, dissimilar to first and second era which have an increasingly restricted range of action. They are additionally bactericidal and apply their impact by meddling with cell divider amalgamation. In spite of the fact that there is no critical proof of the advantages to utilizing the two medications in mix, it is discerning to do as such as it forestalls the development of freak qualities impervious to one of the specialists. The two medications are additionally thought to have a synergistic impact when utilized together. Neither of these medications are ingested by means of th e gastrointestinal tract so should be controlled by means of the parenteral course. Amikacin is given by means of intramuscular infusion at a portion of 15mg/kg day by day in two isolated dosages. The portion must be chosen cautiously as elevated levels of amikacin in the circulation system can make harm the ear (ototoxicity). Ceftazidime is given by intravenous imbuement at a portion of roughly 2g like clockwork, contingent upon the seriousness of the disease. In synopsis, the accessible microbiology information shows that the specialists hypothetical finding was wrong and that the patient h

Paranoid Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

Jumpy Personality Disorder Essay Joe Fuller I. Presentation and Identifying Information Intelligence of an individual in some way or another characterizes him/her. Through knowledge, an individual will know his abilities and capacities and where he is acceptable at. It helps someone’s confidence and improves the certainty he had in himself. In the event that you’re astute, you can do and manage anything particularly on the off chance that you have an exceptionally splendid brain. An astute individual realizes how to manage individuals and acknowledge their mix-ups and defects. Knowledge includes certainty yet presumptuousness that prompts question and antagonistic vibe is another issue. Knowledge should likewise be offset with the enthusiastic remainder which everybody must buckle down for. Such isn't the current situation. The patient is a male whose name is Joe. He lived in a lower white collar class neighborhood in a huge, northeastern city. His dad is a steamfitter and his mom is a home creator. He had 2 more seasoned siblings and a more youthful sister. When Joe was 11 years of age, his grandma began living with them. His grandma is now invalid and isn't as of now skilled to deal with herself after Joe’s granddad kicked the bucket. Joe was especially brilliant understudy. However, he had a few turbulent associations with his family, companions and others around him. Later on, he created nervousness and fits of anxiety that caused him to counsel to a specialist. At that point the specialist alluded him to go to a therapist. II. Foundation Information History and Course of the Present Problem The patient is portrayed to be uncommonly brilliant and careless. He was admitted to a renowned secondary school and school. He was a â€Å"A† understudy and regularly poked fun at individuals who â€Å"couldn’t measure up. † Whenever an instructor committed an error in class, Joe was consistently the first to giggle and offer a side remark. He kept away from bunch exercises and issues with connections. He couldn’t trust everybody and he was exceptionally dubious. He got a kick out of the chance to work alone over his undertakings since he generally felt that individuals will take his thoughts. Joe would consistently believe that he was the best and no one could contend with him. The patient had contended with an instructor about an evaluation and after that he heard one of his cohorts state, â€Å"I don’t know why a few people need to buckle down for everything†. Joe resented this remark to his family so Joe chose to seek retribution. So while this understudy is going to a ball game, Joe discovered his vehicle and poured sugar in his gas tank. Out of nowhere, he began encountering alarm assaults that came about him to go for a registration. Present and Past Medical History The patient went to a specialist since he needed a treatment for his tension and fits of anxiety. He had palpitations, vibes of brevity of breath, chest torment and queasiness or stomach pressure. Be that as it may, his fits of anxiety are not related with agoraphobia. Joe felt that he had no psychological issue by any means. The specialist recommended him Tofranil, a stimulant. In any case, Joe had more information on how this medication influenced neurological systems than the specialist. The said treatment was ineffective on the grounds that Joe didn't believe that he has a character issue. The specialist, which he named as Dr. Fein, didn't have any earlier information that Joe may have a jumpy character issue. Joe was not open to his life and Dr. Fein ought to have thought about how conceivable it is that Joe has a jumpy character issue that is the reason he acted the manner in which he did. At the present time, Joe’s alarm assaults despite everything proceeded. Social History Joe is supposed to be impolite and presumptuous. His first consistent relationship is with Carla however afterwards on, Carla parted ways with him. Joe needed to seek retribution. From that point forward, he turned out to be amazingly dubious of women’s goals. Once, Joe ridiculed a person conversing with his date at a gathering. Joe consistently discovers tumult with others. He contended with a teacher for getting a B+ rather than an A. Joe started to date his future spouse Ruth. He additionally landed his first position working with a medication organization. Joe on his first occupation This is a perfect situation for Joe. In any case, he was asked by his supervisor to stop his autonomous research. Joe acted with threatening vibe towards his colleagues. In view of this consistent mentality, Joe was approached to leave following 3 years. Joe on his second occupation Joe took a vocation working in a college. Joe didn’t like his new position. He was asked again to shorten his free research. He was approached to work in another representative and suspected he was a government operative. Joe charged the college in attempting to slaughter him with radiation in the research center. Later on, Joe was terminated and he took another occupation which is driving a taxi. Familial Relationship According to the patient, his dad is intellectually sick and he accepted that he was being ignored by his family. He was alienated to his loved ones and he accepts that â€Å"he had nothing†. As a center youngster, he felt that he is by and large forgot about so he needs to step up in all that he should do. In an early age, he got excessively touchy to the assessment of others and accepted that the world is a threatening spot aggrieved for being unique. Later in his life, he wedded Ruth and they had a girl. Their conjugal relationship has been putted on the rocks for a great deal of times due to misconception and Joe’s suspicion about his better half. Later on, Ruth perceived that Joe was going overboard to minor occasions. Joe then recommended that Ruth was a piece of the connivance that individuals were attempting to take his thoughts. After certain years, Joe and Ruth separated. As of not long ago, he is as yet persuaded that Ruth sold out him. Average Problem The patient’s biography stems up from his place in the family. In an early age, he confronted battles that drove him to get dubious of the thought processes of individuals to him. Since he’s keen, he expect that he knows it all and individuals are attempting to take his thoughts that drove him to have poor associations with others. He got a remark before that struck his sense of self and considered it to be an affront, so he constantly needed to have vengeance with individuals. The patient feels that he is the best and no one can beat him. He created uneasiness and fits of anxiety, which is an appearance of Paranoid Personality Disorder, yet at the same time he believes that he isn't sick and he is intellectually steady. A Misunderstanding of Some Sort When Joe went to a therapist whose name is Dr. Flein, he detailed their for treatment of his nervousness and fits of anxiety. The specialist gave him an upper medication without thinking about different appearances in the character of the patient. Dr. Flein recently felt that it was just a basic uneasiness issue, yet he never takes the respect to consider Paranoid Personality Disorder on Joe.

The Seven Deadly Sins for Writers

The Seven Deadly Sins for Writers Youve likely heard of the seven deadly sinsâ€"Envy, Gluttony, Greed, Lust, Pride, Sloth, and Wrathâ€"but did you know these same sins can be committed in writing, as well? Here they are listed in order, with suggestions on how to avoid them in your writing practice.Youve likely heard of the seven deadly sinsâ€"Envy, Gluttony, Greed, Lust, Pride, Sloth, and Wrathâ€"but did you know these same sins can be committed in writing, as well? Photo by Shalone Cason on Unsplash.EnvyAs a writer, youll likely find yourself at some point or another envious of anothers work or success. Perhaps you are wandering around the bookstore and suddenly see that book idea youve been batting around in your mindâ€"already published? Or maybe youre tired of that one student in class who consistently gets an A on his papers while the professor seems unable to give you anything above a C?One of the worst examples of the product of envy in your writing is the temptation to plagiarize anothers work. When you clai m another persons writing as your own, you are demonstrating envy of the worst kind, especially if you are planning to publish. Not only can plagiarism destroy your reputation as a writerâ€"it can land you in serious legal trouble!Envy in writing is indeed a problem, particularly if you allow that envy to keep you from developing your skills. Instead of focusing on the success of other writers, follow these steps to get rid of the sin of envy for good.Ask for constructive feedback for your writing. If you find that a particular professor is consistently giving you a low grade on your writing assignments, request a meeting with him or her to go over things youre doing incorrectly when you write. Be polite, be thankful for the feedback, and above all, consider the criticism to be important and useful in building your strengths as a writer.Read more to develop your writing skills. The more you read, the better writer youll become. Think of it as professional development, even if writin g isnt your profession.GluttonyThe sin of gluttony in writing makes itself known through bloated, wordy content. Stephen King best described gluttony in writing like this:I believe the road to hell is paved with adverbs, and I will shout it from the rooftops. To put it another way, theyre like dandelions. If you have one on your lawn, it looks pretty and unique. If you fail to root it out, however, you find five the next day... fifty the day after that... and then, my brothers and sisters, your lawn is totally, completely, and profligately covered with dandelions. By then you see them for the weeds they really are, but by then itsâ€"GASP!!â€"too late.Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the CraftIf adverbs are like dandelions, as King suggests, then there is certainly a lot of them around. Weve all seen itâ€"particularly while surfing the Web, where wordiness and bloated writing is seen a lot in copy. Its writing that is obviously trying to reach a particular word count but that fa ils to stay focused on its intent. In other words, it wastes the readers time.Keep in mind that there can be several different intentions for writing. Some of these include:Writing intended to informWriting intended to persuadeWriting intended to entertainWriting intended to narrate or tell a storyYour writing can even be a mix of some of these intentions, but whatever the purpose, keep that in mind and avoid getting off track with bloated, wordy copy.Greed or AvariceBloggers often have to battle this particular sin, especially when it comes to sharing their content on social media and the stream of likes and retweets that result. The greed that comes along with attaining even more likes and retweets can make even the best writers put out content that is shallowâ€"or worseâ€"simple clickbait.If you find yourself in this pattern, keep in mind all the amazing, successful writers who found their success before social media was even popular. These writers didnt need constant shares, lik es, or retweets to gain their reputationâ€"instead, they focused on writing meaningful stories, poetry, essays, or commentary that drew an audience to them. The words you write should earn your audience on their own, not because of social media algorithms that might show you have a lot of followers or friends, but dont really prove anything beyond that. You could have thousands of followers but if none of those followers actually read what youve written, whats the point of having them?In the same sense, just because youve come up with a catchy title that encourages a lot of likes and shares doesnt mean that your writing is memorable. If your audience is not getting something out of reading what youve writtenâ€"whether thats to be informed or entertainedâ€"then no amount of social media shares in the world will change the fact that youve been greedy with your publishing habits.So how do you avoid the sin of greed in your writing and publishing? Simple. Instead of quantity, think….. QUALITY!LustWhile were on the topic of writing clickbait headlines for the sake of social media likes and shares, lets also discuss another of the seven deadly sins of writing that is similarâ€"lust.Lust in your writing takes the form of gathering an audience, whether on social media or blog followers, who dont really love your writing. Theres no depth to your relationship with them, the relationship that happens between a writer and his or her audience. Rather, they are followers because you asked them to be on social media, or someone shared one of your posts that they thought was enjoyable. Your connection is not deep and is based on your lust for a larger audience.Building an audience that appreciates your work and loves your writing takes time. Its not something that will happen overnight, even if you do manage to grow your social media following in that time frame. So, learn to be patientâ€"the right audience, the one that finds inspiration and truth in your words, will find y ou. Dont force it to be the other way around.Building an audience that appreciates your work and loves your writing takes time. Its not something that will happen overnight, even if you do manage to grow your social media following in that time frame. Photo by William White on Unsplash.PrideThis deadly sin has been the Achilles heel of many artists and creatives, including writers. It especially rears its ugly head when we get back rejection slips from publishers or receive constructive feedback that was unsolicited or unwanted.The biggest problem with pride is believing that you already know everything there is to know about your craft. Bill Gates, noted leader, philanthropist and inventor, said, Once you embrace unpleasant news not as negative but as evidence of a need for change, you arent defeated by it. Youre learning from it. In other words, even the best leaders understand that they have much to learn, and see negative feedback or failure as something that will help them grow .SlothSloth in writing comes in the form of laziness with important details, like grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word choice. The best writing happens after a first draft has been carefully edited and the repetition or wordiness has been removed. Skipping the editing and revising part is not just a writer being lazyâ€"its a recipe for bad writing.With every piece of writing you do, you should edit it carefully or ask someone else to do it for you. This is especially true if you are publishing in a for-print publication, like a magazine or newspaper. After the article goes to print, theres nothing you can do to fix it if it is full of errors. This can end up being embarrassing for you and ruin your reputation as a writer.WrathWrath in writing takes the form of using your writing as a weapon to spread false information or hurt others. This deadly sin is certain to make you lose readersâ€"or worse, gain readers who you would never want to chat with in person. In fact, in an age of political and global upheaval, writers who use their skills and talent for malicious purposes run the risk of everything from libel to threats to their personal safety. Avoid the deadly sin of wrath at all costs in your writing and publishing.Saving you from the seven deadly sinsSometimes, all it takes is asking someone else to look over your work to help you avoid these seven deadly sins of writing. Whether through copyediting your writing or offering you constructive feedback, letting a second pair of eyes peruse your writing will keep you on the right track and help you avoid embarrassing mistakes.

The Cherokee Removal Through The Eyes Of A Private Soldier

â€Å"The Cherokee Removal through the eyes of a private soldier† In the year of 1828, the president Andrew Jackson was appointed to the office of the American government with this the fact of the remaining Indians tribes were important which were named â€Å"The Five Civilized Tribes† including the Cherokee and with the pass of the â€Å"Treaty of Etocha† forced the Cherokee out of the land of Georgia also known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† where thousands upon thousands of Cherokee were killed during the extraction of the Cherokee’s land. The Narrative was a very interesting Article explaining the Trail of Tears through the point of view of a white privileged soldier. He first explain his personal relationship with the Cherokee how his relationship with then connected him to the atrocity. This also falls into comparison with the ideological mindset of Eurocentric soldier this one different soldier was purposely used within the context of the narra tive to appeal to the reader’s moral and ironic symbolism of what the soldier meant. He explained the events taking place post extraction because he was the messenger in which they spoke from, with having talent of speaking to them in their native tongue, witnessed the doom of the Native Cherokee Indians being taken from the village and into the Trail of Tears. He then slants the entirety of his narrative by expanding the psychotic images he saw since he was so close to the Indians he understood the true horror of the incident. So this articleShow MoreRelated Andrew Jackson Essay3457 Words   |  14 Pageswould not be in anyones favor to question the validity of the his words, but to understand them with unrestrained faith in those words will help to insure complete insight into the book. Moreover, this book stresses the immortal fact that Jacksons private life had as much irony and agony as his political/outside life did. With those factors understood, Jacksons life and the times he lived in, will become clear to all. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The important point to understand about most thingsRead MoreElvis Presley Family History : 1669-19353943 Words   |  16 PagesElisabetha, 14, Anna Gertrud, 12, Andreas, 6, Antoni, 4, and (son) 1-1/2. Andreas Preslar was born in Germany in 1704 and died 1759 in Anson, North Carolina, USA. He was to marry Antje (Anna) Wells of Staten Island, New York, in 1727, they moved through New York through PA to Maryland and then to Anson Co. NC. Antje Wills was born 1697 in Southold, Suffolk, New York, USA and died 1765 in Anson, North Carolina, USA. (Some sources list Andreas (Andrew) Preslars year of bith as 1701) There were two sets ofRead MoreRevisiting, Revising, and Reviving Americas Founding Era6252 Words   |  26 Pagespresident in 1789, the story has a happy ending and the curtain comes down. This time-honored script renders the road from colonies to nation clear, smooth, and straight, with familiar landmarks along the way, from Bostons Massacre and Tea Party through Lexington and Concord, then on to Bunker Hill and Yorktown before reaching its destination: Philadelphia in 1787, where the Founders invented a government worthy of Americas greatness. Those Founders are equally familiar. Washington and Thomas JeffersonRead MoreEssays for the American Pageant, 14th Ed.11068 Words   |  45 PagesNative Americans into slavery. Both brought terrible diseases to the New World, though the Spanish impact was more devastating because of earlier arrival. The Spanish attempted to integrate Native Americans into their colonial societies through intermarriage and through the establishment of agri cultural communities with Native American workers. The English separated themselves from Native American life to a greater extent and relied mostly on trade for economic gain. 2. Evaluate the extent of settlement

The Diary Of A Teenage Girl - 1706 Words

The film version of Diary of a Teenage Girl, rather than condemning patriarchal privilege and its attendant exploitations as the book does, is instead a very careful take on a young s girl s exploration of her sexuality. The film and the book share the same premise but ultimately differ on delivery due to their inherently different approaches to capturing Minnie’s life as her and the other characters are portrayed differently, so much so that is a cautious take on an otherwise un-barred novel. Rather than touching upon patriarchal privilege and its exploitations, the film smooths over many of the more intense aspects in order to create a happy ending for itself, which is fundamentally different than what the book intended. â€Å"The Diary of a Teenage Girl† is based on the popular graphic novel by Phoebe Gloeckner published in 2002 and written as well as directed by Marielle Heller. They follow the life of Minnie (Bew Powley), who is 15 years old, in San Franciso in the year 1976. She lives with her single mother (Kristin Wiig) and younger sister. Monroe (Alexander Skarsgard), is her mother’s 35 year-old boyfriend, and the two of them carry on a secret sexual relationship. In the book, the text speaks for Minnie in ways that she cannot speak for herself which leaves the reader to fill in the gaps; however, viewers get no sense of this in the film, where what happens is taken at surface value. Patriarchal control of the men in her life, such as Pascal and Munroe, stillShow MoreRelatedAnne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl Essays1608 Words   |  7 Pages As an ordinary Jewish girl who was one of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, Anne Frank was an incredibly memorable girl due to the publication of her diary. Anne Frank was a liberal Jew; as for she did not follow all the traditions of Judaism. 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Throughout the play, you can tellRead MoreAnne Frank Diary Analysis723 Words   |  3 Pages The Diary Of A Young Girl At the peak of World War II, considerably one of the most graphic and eternal wars, a young girl and her family were forced into hiding for 25 months, where she kept a diary enclosing the toll on the seven family members throughout their time. Anne Frank is an ordinary girl whose life is upturned without warning. She was a simple teenage girl, caught in the middle of a war that had seemingly no end. Anne’s diary is packed with various emotional battles she struggles to

Full Set of Aqa A2 Tectonics Notes Free Essays

FULL SET OF NOTES ON TECHTONICS 2012 AQA GEOGRAPHY FULL SET OF NOTES ON TECHTONICS 2012 AQA GEOGRAPHY TECHTONICS| TOPICS| UNDERSTOOD/COVERED? | PLATE MOVEMENT| | SEISMICITY| | VULCANICITY | | These notes were copied from an AQA textbook. They contain EVERYTHING you need to know for the exam for the tectonics section. You WILL however, need to use your own case studies as these are not included. We will write a custom essay sample on Full Set of Aqa A2 Tectonics Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now You will need 2 case studies for volcanoes, and 2 case studies for earthquakes. You ideally need to have one LEDC and one MEDC for each. You could use Iceland and Pinatubo for the volcanoes; and Haiti and Japan for the earthquakes These notes were copied from an AQA textbook. They contain EVERYTHING you need to know for the exam for the tectonics section. You WILL however, need to use your own case studies as these are not included. You will need 2 case studies for volcanoes, and 2 case studies for earthquakes. You ideally need to have one LEDC and one MEDC for each. You could use Iceland and Pinatubo for the volcanoes; and Haiti and Japan for the earthquakes CORE- size of mars, densest part, made of rocks of iron and nickel. Rigid pper mantle, apart from this most of the mantle is semi molten with temperatures near the core reaching 5000 degrees. These high temperatures generate convection currents. Thinnest layer is the crust which has the coolest less dense rocks. These rocks are rich In silicon o2 aluminium potassium and sodium. TWO TYPES OF CRUST: Oceanic and continental. Composed of mainly sedimentary, metamorph ic and igneous rocks. Continental crust can be 70km thick. CORE- size of mars, densest part, made of rocks of iron and nickel. Rigid upper mantle, apart from this most of the mantle is semi molten with temperatures near the core reaching 5000 degrees. These high temperatures generate convection currents. Thinnest layer is the crust which has the coolest less dense rocks. These rocks are rich In silicon o2 aluminium potassium and sodium. TWO TYPES OF CRUST: Oceanic and continental. Composed of mainly sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Continental crust can be 70km thick. PLATE TECHTONIC THEORY: People had noticed that certain continents looked like they had once fitted together. Evidence built up over time and Alfred Wegner was allowed to publish his theory. He suggested that they were once all joined and called Pangaea. Wegner proposed that at some time land had drifted apart. Evidence included: 1)Continental fit: seemed to fit together if placed besides each other. 2) Geological Evidence: rocks of the age and type are found in SE Brazil and South Africa. The trends of mountains in East USA and NW Europe are similar when they are placed in old positions. Similar glacial deposits are found in Antarctica, S America 3) Climatological Evidence: Places as far apart as Antarctica, North America and the UK all contain coal deposits of similar age that were formed in tropical conditions. They are no longer in tropical climate zones and must have drifted apart. )Biological Evidence: Similar fossil formations are found on either side of the Antartic. Same reptile called meosaurus is found only in S America and South Africa sediments. Plant remains, PLATE TECHTONIC THEORY: People had noticed that certain continents looked like they had once fitted together. Evidence built up over time and Alfred Wegner was all owed to publish his theory. He suggested that they were once all joined and called Pangaea. Wegner proposed that at some time land had drifted apart. Evidence included: 1)Continental fit: seemed to fit together if placed besides each other. ) Geological Evidence: rocks of the age and type are found in SE Brazil and South Africa. The trends of mountains in East USA and NW Europe are similar when they are placed in old positions. Similar glacial deposits are found in Antarctica, S America 3) Climatological Evidence: Places as far apart as Antarctica, North America and the UK all contain coal deposits of similar age that were formed in tropical conditions. They are no longer in tropical climate zones and must have drifted apart. 4)Biological Evidence: Similar fossil formations are found on either side of the Antartic. Same reptile called meosaurus is found only in S America and South Africa sediments. Plant remains, LANDFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTIVE MARGINS OCEANIC RIDGES: Where two plates pull apart there is a weaker zone in the crust and an increase in heat near the surface. The hotter expanded crust forms a ridge. The central part of the ridge may feature a central valley where a section of crust has subsided into the magma below. The split in the crust provides a low pressure zone where the more liquid lavas can erupt to form submarine volcanoes. If these eruptions persist, volcanoes may develop until they reach the surface. Islands can be formed. For instance Iceland a volcanic island on a spreading ridge. In 1963 eruptions created the island of surtsey to the south of Iceland. As crust is pushed away from the heat source at the mid ocean ridge it cools, contracts and sinks towards deeper regions. Where it becomes covered in fine sediments. Occasionally fragments of ocean floor are left at the surface during subduction and the layers of pillow basalts and later deep ocean sediments are exposed. E. g. Toodos ophilite suit in Cyprus. LANDFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTIVE MARGINS OCEANIC RIDGES: Where two plates pull apart there is a weaker zone in the crust and an increase in heat near the surface. The hotter expanded crust forms a ridge. The central part of the ridge may feature a central valley where a section of crust has subsided into the magma below. The split in the crust provides a low pressure zone where the more liquid lavas can erupt to form submarine volcanoes. If these eruptions persist, volcanoes may develop until they reach the surface. Islands can be formed. For instance Iceland a volcanic island on a spreading ridge. In 1963 eruptions created the island of surtsey to the south of Iceland. As crust is pushed away from the heat source at the mid ocean ridge it cools, contracts and sinks towards deeper regions. Where it becomes covered in fine sediments. Occasionally fragments of ocean floor are left at the surface during subduction and the layers of pillow basalts and later deep ocean sediments are exposed. E. g. Toodos ophilite suit in Cyprus. RIFT VALLEYS: When spreading occurs beneath a major land mass, the heating and subsequent updoming of the crust leads to fracturing and rifting. As the sides of the rift move apart, central sections drop down to form rift valleys. Mount Kenya are surface evidence of the igneous activity beneath. As 4000km long up to 50km wide and 600m in depth. This feature can still widen allowing the sea to inundate it. To the North two rifts have widened into the red sea and the gulf of Arabia respectively. Here the rifting has continued and NEW OCEAN FLOOR is forming between Africa on the SW side and Arabia (NE). RIFT VALLEYS: When spreading occurs beneath a major land mass, the heating and subsequent updoming of the crust leads to fracturing and rifting. As the sides of the rift move apart, central sections drop down to form rift valleys. Mount Kenya are surface evidence of the igneous activity beneath. As 4000km long up to 50km wide and 600m in depth. This feature can still widen allowing the sea to inundate it. To the North two rifts have widened into the red sea and the gulf of Arabia respectively. Here the rifting has continued and NEW OCEAN FLOOR is forming between Africa on the SW side and Arabia (NE). Mid ocean ridges are irregular curving around the planet. If new ocean crust was created equally on both sides, it would appear to create the possibility of over lapping new crust on concave sections and divergence on convex sections. The fact that there are no mountains of ocean floor or sudden gaps in crust is explained by the fact that the seemingly continuous spreading ridges are frequently bisected by transform (slip) faults, which allow the crust created at the ridges to move outwards at different rates. Seismicity associated with such movements on and around the ridges is characterised by shallow focus earthquakes. Mid ocean ridges are irregular curving around the planet. If new ocean crust was created equally on both sides, it would appear to create the possibility of over lapping new crust on concave sections and divergence on convex sections. The fact that there are no mountains of ocean floor or sudden gaps in crust is explained by the fact that the seemingly continuous spreading ridges are frequently bisected by transform (slip) faults, which allow the crust created at the ridges to move outwards at different rates. Seismicity associated with such movements on and around the ridges is characterised by shallow focus earthquakes. LANDFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGINS Destructive plate margins are found where plates converge. There are three types of convergent margin: 1)Oceanic plate meeting continental plate )Oceanic plate meeting oceanic plate 3)Continental plate meeting continental plate LANDFORMS ASSOCIATED WITH DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGINS Destructive plate margins are found where plates converge. There are three types of convergent margin: 1)Oceanic plate meeting continental plate 2)Oceanic plate meeting oceanic plate 3)Continental plate meeting continental plate 1) OCEANIC PLATE MEETING OCEANIC PLATE (CO NVERGING) When two pieces of oceanic crust on DIFFERENT PLATES COLLIDE one is subducted beneath the other. The crust that has subducted may be marginally denser or one is moving faster than the other. The processes that accompany subduction are much the same as in the case of ocean/continental plate collision, BUT where the volcanoes usually erupt on crust covered by oceans they form islands. These form characteristically curving lines of new volcanic land known as island arcs with deep ocean trenches. Such island chains may develop over millions of years to become major land e. g. JAPAN OR INDONESIA. Subduction produces frequent shallow- to deep focus earthquakes, some of which are immensely powerful. e. g. In Indonesia where the Australian plate is being subducted beneath Eurasian plate there was an earthquake in 2004 measuring 9 on Richter scale. 2) OCEANIC PLATE MEETING OCEANIC PLATE (CONVERGING) When two pieces of oceanic crust on DIFFERENT PLATES COLLIDE one is subducted beneath the other. The crust that has subducted may be marginally denser or one is moving faster than the other. The processes that accompany subduction are much the same as in the case of ocean/continental plate collision, BUT where the volcanoes usually erupt on crust covered by oceans they form islands. These form characteristically curving lines of new volcanic land known as island arcs with deep ocean trenches. Such island chains may develop over millions of years to become major land e. g. JAPAN OR INDONESIA. Subduction produces frequent shallow- to deep focus earthquakes, some of which are immensely powerful. e. g. In Indonesia where the Australian plate is being subducted beneath Eurasian plate there was an earthquake in 2004 measuring 9 on Richter scale. 3) OCEANIC PLATE MEETING CONTINENTAL PLATE (CONVERGING) Oceanic crust is denser than continental. When plates collide the oceanic crust is SUBDUCTED or taken down into the upper mantle. As oceanic crust descends, friction with the overlying continental crust builds up and can cause MAJOR EARTHQUAKES. Destructive margins are some of the most seismically active zones in the world. Rocks scraped off the descending plate and folding of the continental crust helps to create young fold mountain chains on the edge of continental masses such as THE ANDES (South America). Deep ocean trenches are found along the seaward edge of destructive margins. They mark where one plates begins to descend beneath another. E. g Peru Chile 8km deep trench. The friction caused by the sinking slab of ocean floor also generates loads of heat leading to partial melting of the crust. Magmas derived from the melting of old ocean floor basalts. They try to rise up through fissures and by burning their way through overlying rock until they reach the surface. Where volcanoes erupt on land they help to create young fold mountains such as the Andes. Because magmas from which the volcanic lavas originate have incorporated elements of older crust and continental rocks as they rose, they are more silica rich and more acidic. These magmas flow less easily leave intrusive such as batholiths within mountains and generating extrusive such as andesitic lava to erupt through volcanoes. Such sticker lava frequently blocks off their own vents until erupting violently to form conical shaped volcanoes of alternating layers of ash and lava. Vulcanicity is a key feature of subduction zones, around 80% of all active volcanoes are found around subduction zones. 4) OCEANIC PLATE MEETING CONTINENTAL PLATE (CONVERGING) Oceanic crust is denser than continental. When plates collide the oceanic crust is SUBDUCTED or taken down into the upper mantle. As oceanic crust descends, friction with the overlying continental crust builds up and can cause MAJOR EARTHQUAKES. Destructive margins are some of the most seismically active zones in the world. Rocks scraped off the descending plate and folding of the continental crust helps to create young fold mountain chains on the edge of continental masses such as THE ANDES (South America). Deep ocean trenches are found along the seaward edge of destructive margins. They mark where one plates begins to descend beneath another. E. g Peru Chile 8km deep trench. The friction caused by the sinking slab of ocean floor also generates loads of heat leading to partial melting of the crust. Magmas derived from the melting of old ocean floor basalts. They try to rise up through fissures and by burning their way through overlying rock until they reach the surface. Where volcanoes erupt on land they help to create young fold mountains such as the Andes. Because magmas from which the volcanic lavas originate have incorporated elements of older crust and continental rocks as they rose, they are more silica rich and more acidic. These magmas flow less easily leave intrusive such as batholiths within mountains and generating extrusive such as andesitic lava to erupt through volcanoes. Such sticker lava frequently blocks off their own vents until erupting violently to form conical shaped volcanoes of alternating layers of ash and lava. Vulcanicity is a key feature of subduction zones, around 80% of all active volcanoes are found around subduction zones. 5) CONTINENTAL PLATE/CONTINENTAL PLATE CONVERGENCE where subduction of oceanic crust draws two continental masses together, a collision margin may develop. As continents have similar density and thus buoyancy, they will not be subducted. Instead they collide with each other. Volcanic associated with earlier subduction and sediments scraped off the vanishing ocean floor are mixed up and compressed to form young fold mountain chains with deep roots in the lithosphere. The subcontinent of India is an example: It was propelled by sea floor spreading of the indo Eurasian plate some 40 million years ago. This collision formed the Himalayan mountain chain. Himalayas are constantly changing because these highly folded and faulted regions do not become seismically quiet after 1st impact. At this extreme altitude wreathing and erosion reduce mountain height, but isostatic lift in some areas produced by continuing plate motion means that Everest is increasing by 2. 5cm a year. The whole region experiences high levels of seismicity causing earthquakes in 2001, Afghanistan 2002, Pakistan 2005, and China 2008. [isostatic lift= uplift of land mass resulting from tectonic processes] 6) CONTINENTAL PLATE/CONTINENTAL PLATE CONVERGENCE where subduction of oceanic crust draws two continental masses together, a collision margin may develop. As continents have similar density and thus buoyancy, they will not be subducted. Instead they collide with each other. Volcanic associated with earlier subduction and sediments scraped off the vanishing ocean floor are mixed up and compressed to form young fold mountain chains with deep roots in the lithosphere. The subcontinent of India is an example: It was propelled by sea floor spreading of the indo Eurasian plate some 40 million years ago. This collision formed the Himalayan mountain chain. Himalayas are constantly changing because these highly folded and faulted regions do not become seismically quiet after 1st impact. At this extreme altitude wreathing and erosion reduce mountain height, but isostatic lift in some areas produced by continuing plate motion means that Everest is increasing by 2. 5cm a year. The whole region experiences high levels of seismicity causing earthquakes in 2001, Afghanistan 2002, Pakistan 2005, and China 2008. [isostatic lift= uplift of land mass resulting from tectonic processes] HOT SPOTS: Maps of volcano distribution indicate that although most active volcanoes are associated with divergent and convergent plate margins, others do not conform to this pattern. Hawaiian Islands are an example. Formed in the middle of the Pacific Ocean more than 3,200km from the nearest plate boundary. Some geologists believe the long lived and stationary hot spots are the result of plumes of magma originating deep within the mantle. Others suggest they are created from far less depth and in fact are moving slowly. As basaltic shield volcanoes erupt through the drifting oceanic crust, they may build up from ocean floor to form an island over time. However they become part of the plate and are gradually moved away from the heat source. Some islands will become eroded by waves and form flat topped sea mounts called guyots. Newer volcanoes erupt over the hot sport and a new island is formed. This sequence can form a chain of islands A new island will form to SE of Hawaii when the Loihi submarine volcano builds up to sea level. HOT SPOTS: Maps of volcano distribution indicate that although most active volcanoes are associated with divergent and convergent plate margins, others do not conform to this pattern. Hawaiian Islands are an example. Formed in the middle of the Pacific Ocean more than 3,200km from the nearest plate boundary. Some geologists believe the long lived and stationary hot spots are the result of plumes of magma originating deep within the mantle. Others suggest they are created from far less depth and in fact are moving slowly. As basaltic shield volcanoes erupt through the drifting oceanic crust, they may build up from ocean floor to form an island over time. However they become part of the plate and are gradually moved away from the heat source. Some islands will become eroded by waves and form flat topped sea mounts called guyots. Newer volcanoes erupt over the hot sport and a new island is formed. This sequence can form a chain of islands A new island will form to SE of Hawaii when the Loihi submarine volcano builds up to sea level. CONSERVATIVE MARGINS: These margins are sometimes referred to as passive or slip margins and occur where two plates meet and the direction of plate motion is parallel. Two examples: 1)San Andreas fault in Calafornia 2)Alpine Fault in New Zealand No crust is destroyed or created, although these areas of frequent seismic activity as the build up of friction as plates pass each other is released by earthquakes. THEY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE VULCANISM. CONSERVATIVE MARGINS: These margins are sometimes referred to as passive or slip margins and occur where two plates meet and the direction of plate motion is parallel. Two examples: 1)San Andreas fault in Calafornia 2)Alpine Fault in New Zealand No crust is destroyed or created, although these areas of frequent seismic activity as the build up of friction as plates pass each other is released by earthquakes. THEY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE VULCANISM. Earthquakes occur when a build up of pressure within the Earth’s crust is suddenly released and the ground shakes violently. The point within the crust where the pressure release occurs is known as the focus. This can be: 1) Shallow 0-70kmkm 2)Intermediate 70-300km 3)Deep 300-700km The seismic shock waves have their highest level of energy at the focus; energy decreases as the waves spread outwards. The place on the Earth’s surface immediately above the focus is called the epicentre. It receives the highest amount of energy and so the most potentially dangerous location. Seismic waves travel out from the focus, there are three types of waves: 1)P Waves- (primary) are the fastest and shake the Earth backwards and forwards. These travel the fastest and move through solids and liquids. 2) S- Waves (Secondary) are slower and move with a sideways motion, shaking the Earth at right angles to the direction of travel. They cannot move through liquids but are more damaging. 3) Surface Waves- these travel near to the surface and slower than the two mentioned already they’re more destructive than either. They include L waves (long waves) which causes the ground to move sideways and Raleigh waves which make it move up and down. Earthquakes occur when a build up of pressure within the Earth’s crust is suddenly released and the ground shakes violently. The point within the crust where the pressure release occurs is known as the focus. This can be: 1) Shallow 0-70kmkm 2)Intermediate 70-300km 3)Deep 300-700km The seismic shock waves have their highest level of energy at the focus; energy decreases as the waves spread outwards. The place on the Earth’s surface immediately above the focus is called the epicentre. It receives the highest amount of energy and so the most potentially dangerous location. Seismic waves travel out from the focus, there are three types of waves: 1)P Waves- (primary) are the fastest and shake the Earth backwards and forwards. These travel the fastest and move through solids and liquids. 2) S- Waves (Secondary) are slower and move with a sideways motion, shaking the Earth at right angles to the direction of travel. They cannot move through liquids but are more damaging. 3) Surface Waves- these travel near to the surface and slower than the two mentioned already they’re more destructive than either. They include L waves (long waves) which causes the ground to move sideways and Raleigh waves which make it move up and down. EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKES Magnitude and frequency: Magnitude is amount of energy released and is measured using a RICHTER SCALE. A logarithmic scale. An earthquake measuring 7. 6 is 10 times greater than one measuring 6. 6. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the 12 point Mercalli scale which reflects the effects of the event. Frequency of earthquake events varies greatly between seismically active regions (e. g Sunda Trench off SW coast of Indonesia) and seismic zones within the shield areas of ancient crust (Greenland) Seismometers are instruments that measure and record the shock waves created by earthquakes. They locate and measure the size of shock waves and are used in establishing patterns of seismic activity that may help predict future earthquakes. Aftershocks- are earthquakes that follow on from the main event and may last for months afterwards. They are generated by the Earth settling back after the disruption. Aftershocks in Indonesian earthquake of 2004 was followed by a series of aftershocks one being 6. 1 in magnitude. Magnitude and frequency: Magnitude is amount of energy released and is measured using a RICHTER SCALE. A logarithmic scale. An earthquake measuring 7. 6 is 10 times greater than one measuring 6. 6. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the 12 point Mercalli scale which reflects the effects of the event. Frequency of earthquake events varies greatly between seismically active regions (e. g Sunda Trench off SW coast of Indonesia) and seismic zones within the shield areas of ancient crust (Greenland) Seismometers are instruments that measure and record the shock waves created by earthquakes. They locate and measure the size of shock waves and are used in establishing patterns of seismic activity that may help predict future earthquakes. Aftershocks- are earthquakes that follow on from the main event and may last for months afterwards. They are generated by the Earth settling back after the disruption. Aftershocks in Indonesian earthquake of 2004 was followed by a series of aftershocks one being 6. 1 in magnitude. TSUNAMI: Enormous sea waves generated by disturbances on the sea floor. They are most often triggered by earthquakes and submarine landslides. Most devastating example occurred in December 2004 in Indonesia. TSUNAMI: Enormous sea waves generated by disturbances on the sea floor. They are most often triggered by earthquakes and submarine landslides. Most devastating example occurred in December 2004 in Indonesia. HUMAN IMPACT: Depends on population density and distance from the epicentre Primary Impacts: *Collapse of buildings, roads and bridges *disruption to gas, electricity and water supplies Some are primary effects- directly from the earthquake, some are secondary e. g. lectricity breaks so they cannot cook etc. Secondary include: *Fires from ruptured gas mains *Contaminated water *Loss of trade HUMAN IMPACT: Depends on population density and distance from the epicentre Primary Impacts: *Collapse of buildings, roads and bridges *disruption to gas, electricity and water supplies Some are primary effects- directly from the earthquake, some are secondar y e. g. electricity breaks so they cannot cook etc. Secondary include: *Fires from ruptured gas mains *Contaminated water *Loss of trade AVALANCHES LANDSLIDES: Where the slope failure occurs as a result of ground shaking. AVALANCHES LANDSLIDES: Where the slope failure occurs as a result of ground shaking. LIQUEFACTION: Violent disruption of the ground causes it to become liquid like. Such extreme shaking causes increased pore water pressure which reduces the effective stress and therefore reduces the shear strength of the soil so it fails more easily. Can cause the movement of groundwater. Even though the surface may appear dry, excess water will sometimes come to the surface through cracks bringing liquefied soil, creating ‘soil volcanoes’. This can cause damage to buildings and underground utilities. Buildings can sink as a result. In San Francisco where development has occurred on reclaimed land in the bay area, the ground is far more likely to fail due to liquefaction. It is estimated that $100,000 million worth of damage was caused by this secondary effect. LIQUEFACTION: Violent disruption of the ground causes it to become liquid like. Such extreme shaking causes increased pore water pressure which reduces the effective stress and therefore reduces the shear strength of the soil so it fails more easily. Can cause the movement of groundwater. Even though the surface may appear dry, excess water will sometimes come to the surface through cracks bringing liquefied soil, creating ‘soil volcanoes’. This can cause damage to buildings and underground utilities. Buildings can sink as a result. In San Francisco where development has occurred on reclaimed land in the bay area, the ground is far more likely to fail due to liquefaction. It is estimated that $100,000 million worth of damage was caused by this secondary effect. CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES PROTECTION PROTECTION PREDICTION PREDICTION EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT Earthquakes are not evenly distributed over the planet; but instead, occur in broad, uneven belts. This is because the vast majority of earthquakes are related to plate motion and are therefore found around plate boundaries. *Most powerful are related to destructive margins where the descent of the oceanic crust creates frequent shallow to deep focus earthquakes. *Earthquakes at constructive margins are often submarine and usually distant from human habituation, presenting a relatively minor hazard. *Earthquakes at conservative margins where plates slip past each other a series of fault lines marks where the crust has failed catastrophically. San Andreas Fault for instance is not a single feature but a broad shatter zone of interrelated faults. In addition to this earthquakes occur in regions that do not appear to be near active plate margins. The earthquakes in China and central Asia occur along extensive lines of weakness related to the collision of India with the Eurasian plate over 50 million years ago. Earthquakes are not evenly distributed over the planet; but instead, occur in broad, uneven belts. This is because the vast majority of earthquakes are related to plate motion and are therefore found around plate boundaries. Most powerful are related to destructive margins where the descent of the oceanic crust creates frequent shallow to deep focus earthquakes. *Earthquakes at constructive margins are often submarine and usually distant from human habituation, presenting a relatively minor hazard. *Earthquakes at conservative margins where plates slip past each other a series of fault lines marks where the crust has f ailed catastrophically. San Andreas Fault for instance is not a single feature but a broad shatter zone of interrelated faults. In addition to this earthquakes occur in regions that do not appear to be near active plate margins. The earthquakes in China and central Asia occur along extensive lines of weakness related to the collision of India with the Eurasian plate over 50 million years ago. PREDICTION PREDICTION EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT Example of unreliable prediction: 1980’s along San Adreas fault in Calafornia studies of paterns led to predictions of an earthquake between 1988 and 1992. The predicted earthquake actually happened in 2004. China 1975 observations of changes in land elevation ground water levels and animal behaviour led to an evactuation warning the day before of a 7. magnitiude earthquake struck. This saved many lives. BUT there was no warning of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake 7. 6 mag which caused 250,000 fatalities. Example of unreliable prediction: 1980’s along San Adreas fault in Calafornia studies of paterns led to predictions of an earthquake between 1988 and 1992. The predicted earthquake actually happened in 2004. China 1975 observations of changes i n land elevation ground water levels and animal behaviour led to an evactuation warning the day before of a 7. 3 magnitiude earthquake struck. This saved many lives. BUT there was no warning of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake 7. 6 mag which caused 250,000 fatalities. Currently no reliable way to accurately predict when an earthquake will occur. BUT There are several methods: 1) Seismic Records- studying patterns of earthquakes and using these to predict the next event. Seismic shock waves are recorded on a seismometer or seismography. 2) Radon Gas Emissions- radon is an inert gas that is released from rocks such as granite at a faster rate when they are fractured by deformation. 3) Ground Water-deformation of the ground water can cause water levels to rise or fall. ) Remote sensing- some evidence that electromagnetic disturbances in atmosphere directly above areas about to have an earthquake can be detected. 5)Low frequency electromagnetic activity- detection of electromagnetic emissions transmitted from Earthquake regions satellite has made observations that show strong correlations between certain types of low frequency electromagnetic activity an d the seismically most active zones on the Earth. Sudden change in the ionosphere electron density and temperature were recorded a week before a 7. magnitude earthquake occurred in South Japan in September 2004. 6)Surveying movement across a fault line- known as levelling. Currently no reliable way to accurately predict when an earthquake will occur. BUT There are several methods: 1) Seismic Records- studying patterns of earthquakes and using these to predict the next event. Seismic shock waves are recorded on a seismometer or seismography. 2) Radon Gas Emissions- radon is an inert gas that is released from rocks such as granite at a faster rate when they are fractured by deformation. ) Ground Water-deformation of the ground water can cause water levels to rise or fall. 4) Remote sensing- some evidence that electromagnetic disturbances in atmosphere directly above areas about to have an earthquake can be detected. 5)Low frequency electromagnetic activity- detection of electromagneti c emissions transmitted from Earthquake regions satellite has made observations that show strong correlations between certain types of low frequency electromagnetic activity and the seismically most active zones on the Earth. Sudden change in the ionosphere electron density and temperature were recorded a week before a 7. 1 magnitude earthquake occurred in South Japan in September 2004. 6)Surveying movement across a fault line- known as levelling. Authorities focus on: 1)Making buildings/cities more earthquake resistant 2)Raising public awareness about disaster prevention via an education programme 3)Improving earthquake prediction *Better evacuation routes and sites to receive evacuees make cities better able to withstand the effects of the earthquake. To reduce the risk of fire after an earthquake Japanese government encourage the building of fire resistant buildings and advanced fire fighter facilities *All buildings have strict standards to be earthquake proof (New law in 2007 which ensure buildings are double checked to ensure they meet requirements) – problematic for construction firms *Focus on areas prone to earthquakes such as KOBE and or cities like Tokyo where people from all over the wo rld go to. Here there are real time equipment and dense observation methods. In dense populated areas such as Tokyo there are several buildings designed to be more resistant to earthquakes. (See below) Authorities focus on: 1)Making buildings/cities more earthquake resistant 2)Raising public awareness about disaster prevention via an education programme 3)Improving earthquake prediction *Better evacuation routes and sites to receive evacuees make cities better able to withstand the effects of the earthquake. To reduce the risk of fire after an earthquake Japanese government encourage the building of fire resistant buildings and advanced fire fighter facilities *All buildings have strict standards to be earthquake proof (New law in 2007 which ensure buildings are double checked to ensure they meet requirements) – problematic for construction firms *Focus on areas prone to earthquakes such as KOBE and or cities like Tokyo where people from all over the world go to. Here there are real time equipment and dense observation methods. In dense populated areas such as Tokyo there are several buildings designed to be more resistant to earthquakes. (See below) PROTECTION PROTECTION Citizens are advised to keep some supplies like food, water and blankets as well as first aid kits and emergency tools. Police info sheets ensure that people know what to do in each stage of an emergency. Smart meters are installed. These are fed seismic data to allow them to shut down gas supplies automatically in the event of an earthquake. Land use planning attempts to identify the areas at most risk and plan where to build schools and hospitals away from these areas. Insurance is available but even in rich countries like Japan few people are willing to pay for such specific cover. Only 7% of people of Kobe had insurance at the time of the earthquake in 1995. Citizens are advised to keep some supplies like food, water and blankets as well as first aid kits and emergency tools. Police info sheets ensure that people know what to do in each stage of an emergency. Smart meters are installed. These are fed seismic data to allow them to shut down gas supplies automatically in the event of an earthquake. Land use planning attempts to identify the areas at most risk and plan where to build schools and hospitals away from these areas. Insurance is available but even in rich countries like Japan few people are willing to pay for such specific cover. Only 7% of people of Kobe had insurance at the time of the earthquake in 1995. DEFINITION: EXTRUSIVE ROCK- Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma above the surface of the Earth INTRUSIVE ROCK- Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma below the surface of the Earth DEFINITION: EXTRUSIVE ROCK- Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma above the surface of the Earth INTRUSIVE ROCK- Igneous rock formed by the crystallisation of magma below the surface of the Earth BASALTIC (basic) LAVAS: – Originate largely from the upward movement of mantle material. They are most common along spreading ridges but are also found at hot spots and within more developed rift systems ANDESITIC (intermediate) LAVAS: – Are typical of destructive plate margins where crust is being destroyed RHYOLITIC (acid) LACAS: – Are most often found at destructive and collision margins. Pyroclastic material comprises a wide range of volcanic fragments from ash to larger volcanic bombs. They are characteristic of more gaseous phases of eruption, where the build up of gas beneath blocked volcanic vents creates a violent explosion, shredding the magma into finer particles. BASALTIC (basic) LAVAS: – Originate largely from the upward movement of mantle material. They are most common along spreading ridges but are also found at hot spots and within more developed rift systems ANDESITIC (intermediate) LAVAS: – Are typical of destructive plate margins where crust is being destroyed RHYOLITIC (acid) LACAS: – Are most often found at destructive and collision margins. Pyroclastic material comprises a wide range of volcanic fragments from ash to larger volcanic bombs. They are characteristic of more gaseous phases of eruption, where the build up of gas beneath blocked volcanic vents creates a violent explosion, shredding the magma into finer particles. EXTRUSIVE LANDFORMS EXTRUSIVE LANDFORMS Volcanoes are openings in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash and gases erupt. Molten rock beneath the surface is referred to as magma but once it is ejected at the surface it is called lava. At depths the enormous pressure upon hot rocks keeps them in a semi solid state. *Fissures and fractures in the crust create low pressure areas that allow some material beneath the crust to become molten and rise. *If these molten rocks reach the surface they are said to be extrusive but if they’re injected into the crust they are said to be intrusive. *But both are termed igneous. Volcanoes are openings in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash and gases erupt. Molten rock beneath the surface is referred to as magma but once it is ejected at the surface it is called lava. At depths the enormous pressure upon hot rocks keeps them in a semi solid state. *Fissures and fractures in the crust create low pressure areas that allow some material beneath the crust to become molten and rise. *If these molten rocks reach the surface they are said to be extrusive but if they’re injected into the crust they are said to be intrusive. *But both are termed igneous. SHAPE| Fissure Eruptions| Occur where an elongated crack in the crust allows lava to spill out over a large area. Found at spreading ridges where tension pulls the crust apart. E. Iceland in 1973. Found at rifts and early constructive margins. Made of: Basaltic Eruption: Gentle, persistent | | Shield Volcanoes| Made of basaltic rock and form gently sloping cones from layers of less viscous lava. Example: Mauna Loa in Hawaii (taller than mount Everest – from ocean floor). Found in hot spots where oceanic crust meets oceanic crust Eruptions: Gentle and predictable| | Composite Volcanoes| Most common found on land. Created by layers of ash from initial explosive phases of eruptions and subsequent layers of lava from the main eruption phases. E. g. Mount Etna and Vesuvius. (Italy) Rock type: Andesitic Location: Destructive Margins| | Acid or Dome Volcanoes| These are steep sided volcanoes formed from very viscous lava. As the lava cannot travel far it builds up convex cone shaped volcanoes. Lava may solidify in the vent| | Calderas| From when gases that have built up beneath a blocked volcanic vent result in a catastrophic eruption that destroys the volcanic summit, leaving an enormous crater where later eruptions may form smaller cones. | | ACTIVITY: Volcanoes have erupted in living memory DORMANT: Volcanoes have erupted within historical record EXTINCT: Volcanoes will not erupt again. ACTIVITY: Volcanoes have erupted in living memory DORMANT: Volcanoes have erupted within historical record EXTINCT: Volcanoes will not erupt again. With all volcanic regions, the majority of magma never reaches the surface but cools to form coarser grained igneous rocks beneath the ground. These rocks may contribute to surface geomorphology through uplift, erosion and expose at the surface. Batholiths form when large masses of magma cool very slowly producing coarse grained rocks. Where magma has been squeezed between existing strata it may form a sill (concordant) or a dyke (discordant). Dyke: A vertical intrusion with horizontal cooling cracks. Cools rapidly on contact with surrounding colder rock. Contracts and cracks, cuts cross bedding planes Batholiths: Being deep seated and surrounded by hot rock the magma cools slowly so that 1) large crystals form and 2) there is a large metamorphic contact zone Sill: A horizontal intrusion along bedding planes with vertical cooling cracks. Cools rapidly on outside on contact with surrounding rocks. Contracts and cracks. With all volcanic regions, the majority of magma never reaches the surface but cools to form coarser grained igneous rocks beneath the ground. These rocks may contribute to surface geomorphology through uplift, erosion and expose at the surface. Batholiths form when large masses of magma cool very slowly producing coarse grained rocks. Where magma has been squeezed between existing strata it may form a sill (concordant) or a dyke (discordant). Dyke: A vertical intrusion with horizontal cooling cracks. Cools rapidly on contact with surrounding colder rock. Contracts and cracks, cuts cross bedding planes Batholiths: Being deep seated and surrounded by hot rock the magma cools slowly so that 1) large crystals form and 2) there is a large metamorphic contact zone Sill: A horizontal intrusion along bedding planes with vertical cooling cracks. Cools rapidly on outside on contact with surrounding rocks. Contracts and cracks. *GEYSERS AND HOT SPRINGS: Even in areas where vulcanism does not produce active volcanoes water heated at depth in the crust by magma chambers can periodically escape as stream and hot water. A geyser is an intermittent turbulent discharge of superheated water ejected and accompanied by a vapour phase. *FUMAROLES: Are areas where superheated water turns to steam as it condenses on the surface. These features are typical of areas such as Solfatara in Italy where the mixture of steam and water mixed with sulphur rich gases gives rise to the collective name for these features of solfatara. *GEYSERS AND HOT SPRINGS: Even in areas where vulcanism does not produce active volcanoes water heated at depth in the crust by magma chambers can periodically escape as stream and hot water. A geyser is an intermittent turbulent discharge of superheated water ejected and accompanied by a vapour phase. *FUMAROLES: Are areas where superheated water turns to steam as it condenses on the surface. These features are typical of areas such as Solfatara in Italy where the mixture of steam and water mixed with sulphur rich gases gives rise to the collective name for these features of solfatara. Minor Extrusive Features Minor Extrusive Features How to cite Full Set of Aqa A2 Tectonics Notes, Papers

Self harm free essay sample

I used to be a cutter but shh, dont tell. Society didnt allow me to express my pain that way Todays society refuses to acknowledge many problems that teens deal with. People would rather believe in happily ever after than face the truth, children are suffering. While it may seem to others that the problems are made up, its very real to the one dealing with them everyday. This suffering can leave permanent scars, and damage (if not ruin) their future. By remaining ignorant, self harm becomes more and more common, but at what cost? If educators and medical personnel were o be more educated on self harm and how to deal with it, teens and young adults would be more comfortable asking for help. Getttig rid of the stereotypes that self harm is only for attention allows a deeper understanding on why someone would do such a thing, so they could get the help that is so desperately needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Self harm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many names and definitions for self harm. The most common are Self Harm or Deliberate Self Harm. Self Mutilation is used by some psychologists and therapists, but is an upsetting title for those who this applys too. Self harmers take ffense to the word mutilation because what they do is not for the purpose of changing the appearance of their bodies. Self Injury is another commonly used title. One way that teenagers or young adults recognize self harm is by giving a name to the actual act of harming, such as cutting or burning. These names are self explanatory. Self harm can be a result of any number of mental disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, and multiple personality dissorder. It can also be used as a way to cope with many problems such as death, problems at home, work, or school. Self harming releases chemicals in the brain, making the harmer feel safe, secure, and happy. Because of these chemicals, self harm can become extremely addictive. Even if someone out grew of that phase of life, or fixed their problems, the self harming would remain as a way to cope with any small problem they face. Self harmers sometimes harm themselves from three to thirty years before anyone notices. Adults who work in an education based setting sometimes feel uncomfortable dealing with young teens who self harm. Whether this is because of personal reasons r ignorance, self harm is a common subject in schools. When interviewed for an artical, one teacher said that she, couldnt deal with the emotional aspect, and couldnt think of any reason why someone would want to physically harm themselves. Another teacher, at the same school, stated that he hadnt had the experience or training necessary to help the child. This appeared to make the child uncomfortable and regret asking for help. Should asking for help really be such a difficult task? Schools have classes designed to educate teens about how to grow up nd take charge, and deal with problems; staff should have the option to take similar classes. If self harm was discussed more in these classes, and appropriate coping methods were taught, there would be less of a problem in schools. Medical officials and help with the healing of a self inflicted wound, they have no mandatory obligation to help the patient. Some hospitals have reported that medical staff feels that the patient deserves to feel the pain as they purposely harmed themselves. Nurses will use little or no anesthesia on the patient, or will treat them last no atter the severity of the wound. This goes against the Hippocratic Oath, which states l will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures (that) are required Nurses should behave more professionally and with compassion when dealing with someone who is already unstable. While I personally believe that self harm should not be such a commin topic, I can understand why it is. Talking about self harm is uncomfortable and awkward, especially when it is self centered. Teachers believe that discussing self harm in school could put the idea in the students head, and increase a problem. This is ntrue; if someone wanted to self harm, it would be impossible to stop them. The same is true for the opposite, as someone who has never even considered self harming is highly unlikely to try it Just because they heard about it at school. Peer pressure, however, is different. If one teen is self harming, it is likely that one of their friends is self harming. Teachers have also expressed concerns that if self harm was more talked about, students would use self harm as an excuse to leave school, or to fall back on homework. Hospital staff voices similar concerns about the stigma surrounding self harm. If it was okay for self harm to be thrown about in society in such a Jokingly manner, more people would be in emergency rooms requesting care for the wounds that they inflicted upon themselves. One nurse stated she believes those with self inflicted wounds deserve to hurt as they should of known the consequences of their actions. Asking for help is sometimes impossible for those who self harm. While there is much information on the internet, there are few people in reality to talk to. If someone can not ask a teacher, counselor, or doctor for help, their self harm could become progressively worse